This is some story about integrated graphic processor in north bridge or center processor. Not every day people will think integrated graphic is good and important. Most people will use another PCI-E graphic card to boost 3D graphic performance or video processing, why do we still need to have an integrated graphic?
I once thought that it was a wasteful use of resource to assign more silicon die area for this dumb device, especially when I saw intel integrate those graphic processing unit into their center processor. But I do realize that there is a fact nowadays, graphic card getting more easy to malfunction as the power consumption of it increase over time but their heat sink remain the size of about 2 PCI slot.
I have never seen a CPU malfunction so far, but I do getting few chances to know or witness the malfunctioning of modern graphic card. Therefore I guess modern 3D graphic card required better heat dissipation, such as proper air circulation and more clear space for air, this is what unlikely to occur on most desktop or laptop design.
I experienced a malfunction of a graphic card before, at the moment I really needed the computer to do some important task for me. Thank to the integrated graphic, and fortunately thing was done in time. And I realize, having integrated graphic isn't a bad idea because modern 3D graphic chip just isn't very reliable.
Welcome:
Welcome to Alternative Battery Enterprise weblog, Alternative Battery Enterprise is a small business based in Malaysia, that realt/refill/recell or even repair your laptop and notebook battery.
Showing posts with label Knowledge. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Knowledge. Show all posts
Sunday, 14 October 2012
Friday, 28 October 2011
Charge 8 hours?
Many people ask me, should them charge their battery 8 hours first time before use?
I believe this have a historical reason. In old day, the most commonly use rechargeable battery is Ni-MH, this chemical, will allow minor current passing through it even though it is fully charged. This is seem like it have relatively larger internal self leakage from positive to negative.
In those old days, cell phone battery normally contains 3 Ni-MH cell in series to generate 3.6V (1.2V per cell), while notebook battery normally have 8-12 cell those day. Charging it in small current continuously for long enough will eventually balance all the cell, this is good for those cell in series, so all of it fully-charged at the same potential. This is safe as long as the current is small result in no overheat of battery cell.
If all battery cell in good matching of relative state of charge, it will be able to output the maximum power can be stored, which is same with the maximum power of the poorest cell, for example 3 cell in series have capacity 700mAH, 710mAH, 720mAH respectively, but currently it stored 210mAH, 190mAH, 200mAH respectively. When charge to full, cell 1 have 700mAH (700-210=490mAH), cell 2 have 190+490=680mAH, cell 3 have 200+490=690mAH. If not all cell reach fully charged state, the maximum capacity it can reach is only 680mAH, while the poorest cell actually can store 700mAH. If small current is allowed to continuously charge it for long enough, it will eventually reach 700mAH, 710mAH, 720mAH respectively, anymore charge will turn into heat and dissipated into environment.
Why 1 cell is charged 490mAH, all the others is 490mAH additional charge? Because it is in series! Current is same in series. Why it relative state of charge is differ at the beginning? This is the result of some slightly different in each cell property example different in self discharge rate. It is unpractical or even impossible to manufacture all these cell to have zero deviation in their property. It contains some error let say +/-1% from cell to cell.
Ni-MH is very famous those day because it doesn't need special protection circuit. After it fully discharged, it internal resistance will become very large, and the machine will shut down due to the loading effect of the internal resistance, the cell will never fully drain. Even if Ni-MH is overcharged, this will not result in disaster as long as it temperature is within the permitted range.
Later, those Ni-MH was replaced by Li-ion, high energy density cell without memory effect. Li-ion cell in general, will not allow current passing through it after it is fully charged, it internal leakage is relatively small. That mean after the cell reached equal potential with the charger Voltage, no more current will pass through it. Further more, to avoid this and prolong battery life, manufacturer have designed protection circuit that will block the charging after the current reached a very low threshold for example 100mA. Therefore, li-ion battery cell can not be balanced by this way, it must includes complex circuitry in any application that required serious consistency toward relative state of charge of it battery cells.
In conclusion, Li-ion battery do not need 8 hours on the first charge, it serve no purpose. As long as the indicator show 100% or one of it cell fully charged, charger will stop charging the battery.
Saturday, 2 July 2011
Battery Chemical ID
Al-thought someone may deal with Li-ion battery cell everyday, it can be quite confusing what is it chemical of electrode and it property, fortunately, battery university have a quite nice reference for me, share the link so people interested in this can find out their answer. Sometime this do give me some problem which I still try to match some battery cell with it board if I can not change the board's parameter or chemical ID.
Please note that even the same type of chemical, different manufacturer making different type of cell with different charging/discharging track. While impedance tracker chip is as simple as just modify it chemical ID. Linear fitness battery lo prediction method is somehow seem quite difficult to know on some particular battery, especially when what parameter it will load to calculate the battery lo percent is unknown.
Even the same manufacturer produce battery cell that behave differently on differ batch.
Sunday, 10 April 2011
Gravitational force and energy
In the movie "The Myth" staring Jackie Chan, introduce us some kind of imaginary meteorite that it 'radiation' can cause object losing it weight or create a zero gravity environment. Movie is movie, the film maker seem to have very limited physic knowledge, as we can see the character motion do not seem to obey Newton third law. What could be so interesting if this kind of meteorite really exist?
Looking at the picture above, if it can be created a line where after pass through the line, gravitational force disappear? It simply mean that, we get 'free' energy out it, by just lifting an object in the zero gravity area (zone Z), and let it fall down at the normal area (zone N). 1 ton object can be easily lift in zone Z even by human being. This actually introduce some kind of perpetual motion machine, because energy mined at zone N is more than enough to lift the object up in zone Z, there are surplus which can be utilized for external purpose other than lifting the object in zone Z!But in real world, creating an zero gravity area required more energy that the system itself can supply, assume that creating zero gravity is not impossible, to fulfill conservation law of energy. Therefore, if the meteorite as describe do exist, must be because it contain great amount of energy.
Even if there are zero gravity area in the earth, in the real world, human being never see as it is possible to create a very fine boundary where the gravity suddenly disappear, forces interfere and try to become unity. It is possible that the gravitational force gradually disappear, but not suddenly as observed. Therefore, moving from A to B and from C to D may required more energy that the free fall force produce at D to A. This kind of system will not produce any force that can be utilized. Natural Law seem to prevent 'free' energy, energy must come from some kind of reaction, involving flowing of particle or energy of other place, it can only be stored and convert by human being, but we can not create it.
Even if there are zero gravity area in the earth, in the real world, human being never see as it is possible to create a very fine boundary where the gravity suddenly disappear, forces interfere and try to become unity. It is possible that the gravitational force gradually disappear, but not suddenly as observed. Therefore, moving from A to B and from C to D may required more energy that the free fall force produce at D to A. This kind of system will not produce any force that can be utilized. Natural Law seem to prevent 'free' energy, energy must come from some kind of reaction, involving flowing of particle or energy of other place, it can only be stored and convert by human being, but we can not create it.Sunday, 29 August 2010
Do water-fueled cell exist?
Under normal condition, I can tell, water-fueled battery cell do not exist! But please read the full story below. Please refer to perpetual motion machine why it do not exist.
Yes water can store energy, there are currently two commonly known ways how water can store energy. First, one give it force to rise it to higher ground, to use the energy store, just release it, it will flow to lower ground, everthing that have mass will do this! Secondly, split it into hydrogen and oxigen by electrolysis. Then burn it to get back the energy stored!
Picture below show a conceptual idea about a power generator that store solar or wind kinectic energy in the form of potential energy, people have built similar water fall generator but the cost is way too high to built it at sea. The pieces of this generator have to be built on land and assembly it at the shallow sea. Black color retangle show the hole for water out to drive electric generator, and the white color show the hole for water intake with pump, water is pump into the tower and store as potential energy by using the power supply by the solar cell or wind turbine when there are extra energy unused.
Please note that I have no study where is the best place for pump and generation gate is placed, the picture posted just to give reader some idea about what is it. This thing can also work the other way round, i.e. pump the water out from tower, if power is needed, open the valve and let water flow into the tower.
According to conservation law of energy, energy can not be created or destroy by human being. We can only store it or convert it!
In our natural, water is a stable sustances, mean that it will not produce energy by it-self. Please note that the different between word 'produce' and 'create'. Create mean from non exist to exist here, produce mean from unseen to be seen!
By using electrolisis, the amount of energy can be stored is actually lower than the amount of energy it required to split the water, some energy will lost as heat!
What happen if we can produce more hydrogen and oxigen with lesser energy? This is not something imposible, but that just do not occur under normal circumstances! The real secret is the catalyst use in the system.
It just similar to uranium do not produce energy by it-self, but with the added of other reactant that produce neutron, it then produce heat!
What is the different between catalyst and reactant? Reactant is something that directly join the response, just like oxigen is reactant to any chemical fuel but not a catalyst. We do know that with existance of catalyst, any chemical response than initailly will occur, will become faster, from undetectable rate to become detectable.
Catalyst is something widely use in China medicine making, there is a say that herbal(s) will not produce it function effectively if lack of some other herbal function as catalyst, but if you use only the catalyst itself it have not particular function at all. Just similar to people add salt to apple or watermelon, the fruits become more delicious after adding salt.
That mean in a water-fueled cell, the catalyst have the most important role there! It can be something that add into the water, or something that built up the electrode.
The problem remain to me is that, even the best catalyst used, let say 100% efficiency of energy used to split the water, it still gonna lost the energy at the output, therefore the energy slowly reduce and eventually the machine stop.
The only reason I can think of, it is not catalyst that playing the role, it is reactant that been used, reactant store the energy needed to split the water effectively.
But please note that reactant is something that can be exhausted! If we consume up all the reactant on the earth, it is similar to the result of comsuming all petroleum!
This reactant do work for a period of time, and then it can die off. There are just no free lunch in the world! You got to pay for it once a while. You can not expect your water fueled cell power you for too many years. Once the reactant wear out, it stop working! Everthing converges! Nothing diverges! That is what make human being can not be seen as 'thing'. Thing that do not converges must have life. And a reactant do not have life I believe.
If the petroleum price is more expansive than the reactant price, then it may be good to use water fueled cell. Otherwise not.
There are currently two type of water fueled cell is claimed have been invented, first type is currently master by advanced country, with the help of catalyst or perhap reactant, they can directly produce electricity, which is the world most efficient water fueled cell. The second type is those spliting water to hydrogen and oxigen, and then burn it back to produce energy. Internal combustion engine will not produce energy with more than 50% energy store inside it since my last access to the related data, may not up to date, you can try to check it out yourself.
There are two main reasons why the water-fueled cell is not so good to use it in internal combustion engine or car. First you need to pay for the reactant, the benefit is actually very hard to be calculated. If the reactant is built into the electrode itself may give you more problem, as the efficency decrease with time untill all the reactant stop functioning, the system will not give you any benefit at all! How many water the system can split bacome the key to how much petrol you can save. It may actually more expansive than the petrol you can save depending on the price of the reactant or the whole system.
Secondly the engine block, piston, valve and any other part involve, must be anti-stain or must have good lubricating system. As a product of combustion hydrogen and oxigen will produce water, will make the internal of the engine rusted more obvious and reduce the life of a car, especialy the exhaust pipe.
And stain can spread, as water is only some sort of catalyst to oxidation, oxigen inside engine block will be suficient to make it rusted and become unususable in months if the car leave unuse, after the lubricating oil become too thin or at the part the oil do not reach. Some say engine block can be make of hi-tech ceramic such as those invented by Kyocera (Tokyo Ceramic), but I have never see it for myself yet.
Therefore, solar energy is still considered the best long term energy for earth currently! A good solar cell will at least function more than 10 years. Untill we can use solar energy to produce reactant for electrolisis, it is not safe to say that water-fueled cell is a good source of energy. And I believe thing that can store or contain large amount of energy, must be radioactive! As the energy will slowly leaking althought the reactant do not exist.
Yes water can store energy, there are currently two commonly known ways how water can store energy. First, one give it force to rise it to higher ground, to use the energy store, just release it, it will flow to lower ground, everthing that have mass will do this! Secondly, split it into hydrogen and oxigen by electrolysis. Then burn it to get back the energy stored!
Picture below show a conceptual idea about a power generator that store solar or wind kinectic energy in the form of potential energy, people have built similar water fall generator but the cost is way too high to built it at sea. The pieces of this generator have to be built on land and assembly it at the shallow sea. Black color retangle show the hole for water out to drive electric generator, and the white color show the hole for water intake with pump, water is pump into the tower and store as potential energy by using the power supply by the solar cell or wind turbine when there are extra energy unused.
Please note that I have no study where is the best place for pump and generation gate is placed, the picture posted just to give reader some idea about what is it. This thing can also work the other way round, i.e. pump the water out from tower, if power is needed, open the valve and let water flow into the tower.According to conservation law of energy, energy can not be created or destroy by human being. We can only store it or convert it!
In our natural, water is a stable sustances, mean that it will not produce energy by it-self. Please note that the different between word 'produce' and 'create'. Create mean from non exist to exist here, produce mean from unseen to be seen!
By using electrolisis, the amount of energy can be stored is actually lower than the amount of energy it required to split the water, some energy will lost as heat!
What happen if we can produce more hydrogen and oxigen with lesser energy? This is not something imposible, but that just do not occur under normal circumstances! The real secret is the catalyst use in the system.
It just similar to uranium do not produce energy by it-self, but with the added of other reactant that produce neutron, it then produce heat!
What is the different between catalyst and reactant? Reactant is something that directly join the response, just like oxigen is reactant to any chemical fuel but not a catalyst. We do know that with existance of catalyst, any chemical response than initailly will occur, will become faster, from undetectable rate to become detectable.
Catalyst is something widely use in China medicine making, there is a say that herbal(s) will not produce it function effectively if lack of some other herbal function as catalyst, but if you use only the catalyst itself it have not particular function at all. Just similar to people add salt to apple or watermelon, the fruits become more delicious after adding salt.
That mean in a water-fueled cell, the catalyst have the most important role there! It can be something that add into the water, or something that built up the electrode.
The problem remain to me is that, even the best catalyst used, let say 100% efficiency of energy used to split the water, it still gonna lost the energy at the output, therefore the energy slowly reduce and eventually the machine stop.
The only reason I can think of, it is not catalyst that playing the role, it is reactant that been used, reactant store the energy needed to split the water effectively.
But please note that reactant is something that can be exhausted! If we consume up all the reactant on the earth, it is similar to the result of comsuming all petroleum!
This reactant do work for a period of time, and then it can die off. There are just no free lunch in the world! You got to pay for it once a while. You can not expect your water fueled cell power you for too many years. Once the reactant wear out, it stop working! Everthing converges! Nothing diverges! That is what make human being can not be seen as 'thing'. Thing that do not converges must have life. And a reactant do not have life I believe.
If the petroleum price is more expansive than the reactant price, then it may be good to use water fueled cell. Otherwise not.
There are currently two type of water fueled cell is claimed have been invented, first type is currently master by advanced country, with the help of catalyst or perhap reactant, they can directly produce electricity, which is the world most efficient water fueled cell. The second type is those spliting water to hydrogen and oxigen, and then burn it back to produce energy. Internal combustion engine will not produce energy with more than 50% energy store inside it since my last access to the related data, may not up to date, you can try to check it out yourself.
There are two main reasons why the water-fueled cell is not so good to use it in internal combustion engine or car. First you need to pay for the reactant, the benefit is actually very hard to be calculated. If the reactant is built into the electrode itself may give you more problem, as the efficency decrease with time untill all the reactant stop functioning, the system will not give you any benefit at all! How many water the system can split bacome the key to how much petrol you can save. It may actually more expansive than the petrol you can save depending on the price of the reactant or the whole system.
Secondly the engine block, piston, valve and any other part involve, must be anti-stain or must have good lubricating system. As a product of combustion hydrogen and oxigen will produce water, will make the internal of the engine rusted more obvious and reduce the life of a car, especialy the exhaust pipe.
And stain can spread, as water is only some sort of catalyst to oxidation, oxigen inside engine block will be suficient to make it rusted and become unususable in months if the car leave unuse, after the lubricating oil become too thin or at the part the oil do not reach. Some say engine block can be make of hi-tech ceramic such as those invented by Kyocera (Tokyo Ceramic), but I have never see it for myself yet.
Therefore, solar energy is still considered the best long term energy for earth currently! A good solar cell will at least function more than 10 years. Untill we can use solar energy to produce reactant for electrolisis, it is not safe to say that water-fueled cell is a good source of energy. And I believe thing that can store or contain large amount of energy, must be radioactive! As the energy will slowly leaking althought the reactant do not exist.
Different
Peoples ask me, what is the different between original battery pack and third party battery pack? Honestly, I do not like to answer this question, that is strictly depand on the price you pay for, it is a matter of demand and supply.
Today I open one Dell D620 replacement battery that cost you around RM230 to let you examine it youself, I know consumer do not or never open it and see it for yourself.
Picture below show, the red retangle is the protection board of third party battery, only one controller inside! The blue retangle in original battery, there are 3 integrated circuit inside, one fuel gauge, one analog font end and one second level back up protection!
Some people may ask, why we need three while we can only use one? At the begining, the largest fuel gauge company actually try design the protection board with only one IC, but many manufacturer found that it is not safe enough, as IC can fail to operate under some circustances, such as aging, power surge, high tempereture or others reasons. Therefore, everyone design the protection with more than one layer of protection for long term safety.
Picture below, original battery use 3 pin fuse, the third party battery use 2 pin, 3 pin fuse can be cut off by the small second level protection ic, the small eight leg ic work independent not rely on the main circuit. Therefore if something wrong with the main circuit, it do not sense any dangerous critical operation, the second level protection will cut the fuse to shut the circuit down so no more current flowing into or out from the battery pack. This fuse will also melt when the mosfet is overheat, mean that there are over current(usually short on the output) but the main circuit and second level protection circuit do not shut it down.
While my repacked battery is using ORIGINAL PROTECTION BOARD plus HI QUALITY BRANDED CELL which are purposely design for notebook battery pack! At the same price you pay, you get some thing twice or triple time lasting!!!
Today I open one Dell D620 replacement battery that cost you around RM230 to let you examine it youself, I know consumer do not or never open it and see it for yourself.
Picture below show, the red retangle is the protection board of third party battery, only one controller inside! The blue retangle in original battery, there are 3 integrated circuit inside, one fuel gauge, one analog font end and one second level back up protection!
Some people may ask, why we need three while we can only use one? At the begining, the largest fuel gauge company actually try design the protection board with only one IC, but many manufacturer found that it is not safe enough, as IC can fail to operate under some circustances, such as aging, power surge, high tempereture or others reasons. Therefore, everyone design the protection with more than one layer of protection for long term safety.Picture below, original battery use 3 pin fuse, the third party battery use 2 pin, 3 pin fuse can be cut off by the small second level protection ic, the small eight leg ic work independent not rely on the main circuit. Therefore if something wrong with the main circuit, it do not sense any dangerous critical operation, the second level protection will cut the fuse to shut the circuit down so no more current flowing into or out from the battery pack. This fuse will also melt when the mosfet is overheat, mean that there are over current(usually short on the output) but the main circuit and second level protection circuit do not shut it down.
Picture below show that the cell use inside original(LG chemical, Korea) battery and third party battery, both last 1.5years, but the original battery have been discharge more cycles then the third party one, in this customer usage, the third party only been discharged 37cycles and last only half an hours currently.
While my repacked battery is using ORIGINAL PROTECTION BOARD plus HI QUALITY BRANDED CELL which are purposely design for notebook battery pack! At the same price you pay, you get some thing twice or triple time lasting!!!
Saturday, 31 July 2010
Hybrid battery architecture
Having long time didn't update this blog, today I will sharing some interesting story in battery recell. Hopefully this topic is not too bored to whoever that may read this.
Any one in the field of li-ion battery pack for long enough, will notice that there are 2 cells (2s), 3 cells(3s), 4 cells(4s), 6 cells(3s2p, 2s3p), 9 cells(3s3p), 12cells(3s4p, 4s3p) battery pack, is there any possible that we could have 5cells, 7 cells, 10 cells, 11 cells? 's' mean series, 'p' mean parellel.
By parellel up cell, one can expect to get more power surge from the cell, it simply mean more current can be supplied by the cells. By series it up, it simply mean more voltage. It is not very pratical to assemble 6 cell in series, it will produce up to 4.2x6=25.2V from the battery pack, which is way too high for high current flow power mosfet to operate at greatest efficiency, or there will be some compromise at the filter side of PWM.
Picture above: There are one gas gauge(left, almost same price with one piece of Li-ion cell) and two analog front end voltage/current over limit protection. All component is doubled except the gas gauge which in charge communicate with system management.
Any one in the field of li-ion battery pack for long enough, will notice that there are 2 cells (2s), 3 cells(3s), 4 cells(4s), 6 cells(3s2p, 2s3p), 9 cells(3s3p), 12cells(3s4p, 4s3p) battery pack, is there any possible that we could have 5cells, 7 cells, 10 cells, 11 cells? 's' mean series, 'p' mean parellel.
By parellel up cell, one can expect to get more power surge from the cell, it simply mean more current can be supplied by the cells. By series it up, it simply mean more voltage. It is not very pratical to assemble 6 cell in series, it will produce up to 4.2x6=25.2V from the battery pack, which is way too high for high current flow power mosfet to operate at greatest efficiency, or there will be some compromise at the filter side of PWM.
Lenovo is the very first company that adopt 7 cell battery, manufacture by OEM of Sanyo, many people have no sense of what is OEM, OEM mean original equipment manufacturer, it simply mean Lenovo make an custom order from Sanyo, other manufacturer that clone the battery thus can not be called OEM, cause Lenove didn't make an order from them.
I have no idea how they call this type of battery pack, but I call it "hybrid battery archetecture". It is basically 2 pieces of battery of 3 cells and 4 cells combine in one. There are three reasons I can think of why they must do this.
- There are only room for 7 cells left for particular model (this is very unlikely).
- The bussiness machine company do not want other clone battery company follow their design, 6 cells design is easilly duplicated, 7 cell is harder and cost is higher (please note that the protection board use extra component(higher cost), it is 2 battery in one, remember?) What make it so dificuit to other clone manufacturer is that the two battery automatically shift at certain preset voltage level, from one to another. This reasons is very close to be truth, but also not very likely.
- This battery is best in cell balancing performance. In other word, the controller board will balance the cell in series better as too many cooks spoil the broth, because the current flow through series cells is same in all cell, there will not be a particular one higher than another. There is however, there are some trade off point, i.e. this battery must not be used in system that are power hungry, since it is only three or four cell in series at one time (parellel can suppy higher current remember?). This reason make those third party lo quality cell imposible to be used for this battery, because three or four cell in series make them not enough for the output, it will be very hot and tend to terminate discharge before it able to deliver 100% of it energy. In fact I guess third party lower quality will only output less than 80% of energy that it can store.
Picture above: There are one gas gauge(left, almost same price with one piece of Li-ion cell) and two analog front end voltage/current over limit protection. All component is doubled except the gas gauge which in charge communicate with system management. This is an engineering perfect battery pack, obviously, with some extra cost .
Monday, 22 February 2010
Matching a MOSFET to a synchronous driver
Preface:
In power electronic, many time reader will come accross with this synchronous MOSFET driver. The most useful characteristic about synchronous driver is that, it save the energy drop across conventional diode approach (to conduct right after mosfet stop conduct).
A conventional diode can 'eat' around 0.7V to few Volt if current passed through it, a metal processed schottky diode can reduce the voltage drop to lesser, some newer process allow very low forward bias potential. Supposed current flow at 10A, a 0.5V drop accross diode will result in 5Watt dissipate through the diode. 5Watt is good for many conventional big component, but definitely not too good for those small size SMD component, it will getting overheat due to limited surface area to dissipate the energy.
When the MOSFET getting cheaper and the current required by electronic device getting bigger in number, engineers/circuit designers begin to adding another MOSFET into the DC-DC driver, which known as synchronous regulator. Voltage drop accross a MOSFET can be less than 0.05V, depending on it on state resistance and current pass through it. Considered a MOSFET on-state resistance is 0.005Ohm, at current 10A, it theoritically(without considered switching loses) will only generate 0.5Watt heat, which can be withstand by SOIC8 SMD packaging or any other similar IC packaging.
Supposing one circuit designer design the power regulator for a notebook central processing unit, the processor required 1V-15A peak power, a synchronous buck allow >90% convertion efficiency from your power adaptor. The processor are expected to consume 15W maximum, we expect a waste of less than 1.5W for the power management unit. Using asynchronous buck one will expect to waste more than 3W, even with very good diode used. Which, is not good for any battery powered device. The advantage of synchronous buck become especially obvious when we are dealing with desktop CPU where it can consume up to or even >50A in today PC environment. Circuit designer are dealing with more phase buck to ensure stable power supply to the central processor unit.
One good thing about synchronous drived MOSFET is that, it can be both boost or buck driver, driving current in get a buck configuration, reverse it or driving current out, one can expect to get a boost regulator.
15 years ago, we can hardly, if not imposible, to see high frequency MOSFET driver available on the market. Primary is due to market demand, many consumer electronics do not required such a big power, even Pentium at the time use less than 15Watt, even a series linear regulator can handle that rate without causing exceed power waste. Morever, it use 3.3V or 2.7V or something close to that.
15 years ago, we are still dealing with those large size and large scale electronic in our TV, Monitor, Mini HiFi and so on. 15 years ago, TV repair service have high demand in Malaysia. One of the problem of those large size component is inductance on it lead. Don't overlook or neglect these inductance, it is the killer that limit the frequency response of a system. In today electronic, few Megahertz power switching become possible, driving high current is like driving a big truck, it could hardly achieve high speed.
Choosing the correct mosfet:
To choose a MOSFET that match your schematic involve many technical detail, I hope that reader have learned that before.
But to choose a MOSFET that match a driver, there are three important criteria, first the Vgs(on) must match with the driver's driving potential and within the permited range.
Second, the driver must be able to supply maximum current that able to charge the MOSFET gate up for full achieveable conductance in a very short time, usually recomanded less that 1% of the period of switching signal (in decades nano second).
Third, must assure the Turn On Delay and Turn Off Delay time of a MOSFET match the Turn Off Propagation Delay set in the mosfet driver. If using a mosfet with a Turn Off Delay very much time larger than the Turn Off Propagation Delay of the driver, cross conduction may occur when low side MOSFET just turn on. Causing switching lose in the turning off high side MOSFET.
Fourth, let me know if I have missed something important here.
Avoiding crossed-conduction:
Please note that a MOSFET with Turn-On Delay Time larger than Turn-Off Delay Time is suitable for synchronous driver, for example, without taking account of the Turn Off Propagation Delay of the driver, if we turning off high side MOSFET, as the condition specified above, it take 13+10=23ns to fully turn off. At the same time(simultaneously), we turn on low side MOSFET, typically, it take 15+12=27ns to fully turn on, that mean 27-23=5ns, there are 5 ns both MOSFET are in non-conduct condition, thus no crossed conduction is possible to occur.
In power electronic, many time reader will come accross with this synchronous MOSFET driver. The most useful characteristic about synchronous driver is that, it save the energy drop across conventional diode approach (to conduct right after mosfet stop conduct).
A conventional diode can 'eat' around 0.7V to few Volt if current passed through it, a metal processed schottky diode can reduce the voltage drop to lesser, some newer process allow very low forward bias potential. Supposed current flow at 10A, a 0.5V drop accross diode will result in 5Watt dissipate through the diode. 5Watt is good for many conventional big component, but definitely not too good for those small size SMD component, it will getting overheat due to limited surface area to dissipate the energy.
When the MOSFET getting cheaper and the current required by electronic device getting bigger in number, engineers/circuit designers begin to adding another MOSFET into the DC-DC driver, which known as synchronous regulator. Voltage drop accross a MOSFET can be less than 0.05V, depending on it on state resistance and current pass through it. Considered a MOSFET on-state resistance is 0.005Ohm, at current 10A, it theoritically(without considered switching loses) will only generate 0.5Watt heat, which can be withstand by SOIC8 SMD packaging or any other similar IC packaging.
Supposing one circuit designer design the power regulator for a notebook central processing unit, the processor required 1V-15A peak power, a synchronous buck allow >90% convertion efficiency from your power adaptor. The processor are expected to consume 15W maximum, we expect a waste of less than 1.5W for the power management unit. Using asynchronous buck one will expect to waste more than 3W, even with very good diode used. Which, is not good for any battery powered device. The advantage of synchronous buck become especially obvious when we are dealing with desktop CPU where it can consume up to or even >50A in today PC environment. Circuit designer are dealing with more phase buck to ensure stable power supply to the central processor unit.
One good thing about synchronous drived MOSFET is that, it can be both boost or buck driver, driving current in get a buck configuration, reverse it or driving current out, one can expect to get a boost regulator.
15 years ago, we can hardly, if not imposible, to see high frequency MOSFET driver available on the market. Primary is due to market demand, many consumer electronics do not required such a big power, even Pentium at the time use less than 15Watt, even a series linear regulator can handle that rate without causing exceed power waste. Morever, it use 3.3V or 2.7V or something close to that.
15 years ago, we are still dealing with those large size and large scale electronic in our TV, Monitor, Mini HiFi and so on. 15 years ago, TV repair service have high demand in Malaysia. One of the problem of those large size component is inductance on it lead. Don't overlook or neglect these inductance, it is the killer that limit the frequency response of a system. In today electronic, few Megahertz power switching become possible, driving high current is like driving a big truck, it could hardly achieve high speed.
Choosing the correct mosfet:
To choose a MOSFET that match your schematic involve many technical detail, I hope that reader have learned that before.
But to choose a MOSFET that match a driver, there are three important criteria, first the Vgs(on) must match with the driver's driving potential and within the permited range.
Second, the driver must be able to supply maximum current that able to charge the MOSFET gate up for full achieveable conductance in a very short time, usually recomanded less that 1% of the period of switching signal (in decades nano second).
Third, must assure the Turn On Delay and Turn Off Delay time of a MOSFET match the Turn Off Propagation Delay set in the mosfet driver. If using a mosfet with a Turn Off Delay very much time larger than the Turn Off Propagation Delay of the driver, cross conduction may occur when low side MOSFET just turn on. Causing switching lose in the turning off high side MOSFET.
Fourth, let me know if I have missed something important here.
Table 1: Timing diagram of a MOSFET driver
Table 2: Fraction of datasheet of MOSFET.
Avoiding crossed-conduction:
Please note that a MOSFET with Turn-On Delay Time larger than Turn-Off Delay Time is suitable for synchronous driver, for example, without taking account of the Turn Off Propagation Delay of the driver, if we turning off high side MOSFET, as the condition specified above, it take 13+10=23ns to fully turn off. At the same time(simultaneously), we turn on low side MOSFET, typically, it take 15+12=27ns to fully turn on, that mean 27-23=5ns, there are 5 ns both MOSFET are in non-conduct condition, thus no crossed conduction is possible to occur.
*Refer to table 1, please don't forget that there are a minumum of 10ns Turn Off/ON Propagation Delay intoduce by the MOSFET driver, so over all there will have 5+10=15ns minimum where both MOSFET non-conducting. One can also use a MOSFET which have Turn-On Delay Time slightly smaller than Turn-Off Delay Time, but make sure that the difference do not exceed Turn Off/ON Propagation Delay intoduce by the MOSFET driver. Or else crossed-conduction may occur where both MOSFET conduct at the same time, which can cause MOSFETs failure or overheat.
There are some MOSFET, specially designed to have Turn-On Delay Time much smaller than Turn-Off Delay Time, this type of MOSFET usually used in aplication where switching is not required or in MOSFET and DIODE type of DC-DC, usually in lower frequency. Longer Turn-Off Fall Time reduce the current lose transiently built up of higher potential in the inductor or wire of any circuit, which is hazard to most component and therefore making it more robust.
FEB2010
By: David
Monday, 28 September 2009
bq2060
Most of the time, the primary IC of the battery won't have any hardware failure. But, luck is not always on one's side, sometime it do fail. That is why secondary protection can be found on most battery pack protection circuit.
Just a few days back, I get one pack work with chipset S8254AA (primary protection )+bq2060 gas gauging ic. 2060 is a very old chip, but it is very comman in those old days pack, where we see plenty of them before, but it is really rare that it can fail. I am thinking of taking it picture, but the pack have already been posted back to customer, have forgoten to do that.
After replacing the cells of the pack, the pack neither charging nor able to discharge, I am begining to worry and about to tell the customer that your battery fail to be repaired.
But after some while, I am begining to realize that that could occur only if two possible, 1. S8254AA is out of order. 2. S8254AA is not being enabled.*Note: It could also be power mosfet failure, but it never been before that power mosfet fail in original pack although it sometime fail on some third party pack. It could also be the problem of bq, but I have check it funcationality through software, all activity pass.
A little bit hard work, manage to trace out that the control pin of S8254AA is actually control by Charge FET Control(CFC) pin of the bq2060, and CFC is measured a 10Ohm to ground, which mean a shorted could occur there. The real circuit is a little bit more complicated that above one, the picture above is for conceptual purpose only.
Unsoldering the bq2060 and measure the CFC pin with respect to ground, guess what? It is really shorted. The NMOS junction inside the I/O have probabaly subjected to permanent break down already. That is what make the current flow meter measure an aprox -10mA eventhough the pack is under static condition.
Guess what? Just replace the fail bq with a working one, it live again! Fortunately the replaced chip have pretty much the same property as the fail one, not noticable diviation of voltage, current and temperature as the old one. It save some time to recalibrate those parameter to correct one.
Friday, 17 July 2009
Tips: Thermal Transfer prototype PCB
Objective: Homemade low cost PCB, tips for student that doing electronic project.
Required: LASER Printer, Matte Paper, Iron.
Honestly the writer have seen this method introduced on the internet many years ago. But this is the first attempt to make a PCB in this way. Hope others can learn some tips and basic skill from here.
If we request prototype PCB from the factory, charges can be decade Ringgit Malaysia, if someone need a few (but not up to a ton) in quantity, it is sufficient for us to buy a printer already.
This post is not intend to teach you how you can iron the pattern you want on a copper foiled board (as you can easilly get the information on the internet), but to show you it is reliable and workable.
The Matte Paper below is used for this experiment. It is a sample from the writer's friend. This is the key of success transfer. In the printer option choose 'card board' and 'Best Quality'.
Okay, it is done! Enjoy your project.
Required: LASER Printer, Matte Paper, Iron.
Honestly the writer have seen this method introduced on the internet many years ago. But this is the first attempt to make a PCB in this way. Hope others can learn some tips and basic skill from here.
If we request prototype PCB from the factory, charges can be decade Ringgit Malaysia, if someone need a few (but not up to a ton) in quantity, it is sufficient for us to buy a printer already.
This post is not intend to teach you how you can iron the pattern you want on a copper foiled board (as you can easilly get the information on the internet), but to show you it is reliable and workable.
The Matte Paper below is used for this experiment. It is a sample from the writer's friend. This is the key of success transfer. In the printer option choose 'card board' and 'Best Quality'.
The circuit board will look like the picture below after doing thermal iron transfer, the ESYINK Matte Paper work just great to transfer almost 100% of toner (carban powder) onto the circuit board.
Picture below: After etched with our favorite PCB etching chemical solution-Ferite Choride. It take about 2-3minutes for etching process to take away the unwanted copper from the circuit board. The key to fast etching is - use cheap PCB with thinner foil (if you are not dealing with power electronic), use stronger Ferite Choride solution with lesser water (water is a need! But not too much), and shaking the container use for etching .
Use fine sand paper to remove the coating.
After some messy drilling work.
Finally...
Okay, it is done! Enjoy your project.
Monday, 2 March 2009
What is the Voltage of Li-ion cell?
Peoples ask me, what is the Voltage of your Li-ion cell? Honestly, this can not be answer strict always if they want the precise answer. Unless they only need some idea.
Voltage per cell is depending on your application, basically most Li-ion operate in the Voltage range 4.2V down to 3V. For light load application, the manufacturer will label it as 3.7V per cell, for heavier load application, manufacturer will label it as 3.6V per cell, because the chemical response is not fast enough and generated heat, according to the law of conservation of energy, power lose as heat will result in less potential generated.
Due to chemical different, some cell are still great to charge up to 4.35V and some can discharge down to 2.75V and yet still have acceptably stable molecular structure.
The resistance of the cell is low, typical in few decade of mili-Ohm range, contribute by the conductor use to connect the electrode plate and the thermal cut off switch or fuses inside the cell. Unlike normal dry cell, the resistance of the Li-ion cell maintain constant along the entire life of the cell. But the impedance of the cell do will change. It even change at different potential level, that is why impedance tracker bq20Z90 have to trace the impedance of the cell along the discharging Voltage.
Every charge and discharge cycle will destroy some group of the molecular structure of the electrode use, and the damage is irreversible, in chemistry we call this process as oxidation even though there may not have oxigen take place. For example Ferum (iron) will become Ferum Oxide if contact with water. Ferum Oxide molecule do not have strong grid among each others.
More damage in electrode result in rising of impedance in the cell. Therefore, the potential generated by the cell will reduce, resulting in a lower average Voltage.
3.6V, 3.7V or even 3.8V is just a reference. It unable to tell us the true story doesn't mean the labeled Voltage lie to us. This is why all the measuring equipment come in.
If the battery pack manufacturer do not label their product by nominal specification but real approximation, we can actually judge the performance of the battery pack by look at the Voltage labeled. Example if it label 10.8V(3.6x3), it usually last less than 2 hours. If it label 11.1V(3.7x3), it usually will last more than 2hours. Again, this may not be the problem of their battery, but it reflect that your notebook consume more power if the battery label 10.8V.
Voltage per cell is depending on your application, basically most Li-ion operate in the Voltage range 4.2V down to 3V. For light load application, the manufacturer will label it as 3.7V per cell, for heavier load application, manufacturer will label it as 3.6V per cell, because the chemical response is not fast enough and generated heat, according to the law of conservation of energy, power lose as heat will result in less potential generated.
Due to chemical different, some cell are still great to charge up to 4.35V and some can discharge down to 2.75V and yet still have acceptably stable molecular structure.
The resistance of the cell is low, typical in few decade of mili-Ohm range, contribute by the conductor use to connect the electrode plate and the thermal cut off switch or fuses inside the cell. Unlike normal dry cell, the resistance of the Li-ion cell maintain constant along the entire life of the cell. But the impedance of the cell do will change. It even change at different potential level, that is why impedance tracker bq20Z90 have to trace the impedance of the cell along the discharging Voltage.
Every charge and discharge cycle will destroy some group of the molecular structure of the electrode use, and the damage is irreversible, in chemistry we call this process as oxidation even though there may not have oxigen take place. For example Ferum (iron) will become Ferum Oxide if contact with water. Ferum Oxide molecule do not have strong grid among each others.
More damage in electrode result in rising of impedance in the cell. Therefore, the potential generated by the cell will reduce, resulting in a lower average Voltage.
3.6V, 3.7V or even 3.8V is just a reference. It unable to tell us the true story doesn't mean the labeled Voltage lie to us. This is why all the measuring equipment come in.
If the battery pack manufacturer do not label their product by nominal specification but real approximation, we can actually judge the performance of the battery pack by look at the Voltage labeled. Example if it label 10.8V(3.6x3), it usually last less than 2 hours. If it label 11.1V(3.7x3), it usually will last more than 2hours. Again, this may not be the problem of their battery, but it reflect that your notebook consume more power if the battery label 10.8V.
Saturday, 18 October 2008
A fallen remote controller of an air con
My friend's remote controller for the air con, fallen down on one careless behavior. Then the display start go wrong, just leave a few human unreadable dot and line on the screen.
Read a cracked edge on the LCD? So be careful next time when holding a remote controller.
Just a few line and dot remain on the screen.
Link:
RCPC
Read a cracked edge on the LCD? So be careful next time when holding a remote controller.
Just a few line and dot remain on the screen.
Link:
RCPC
Tuesday, 8 July 2008
How many hours battery can be used after realt?
Many people ask me this question. Ok, here is the answer.
Just look at your power adapter! For example, your power adapter is: 19V 3.16A
-Power of Notebook~=70%*19*3.16= 42W
One cells using by ALTERNATIVE BATTERY is 8.4WHr(2300+mAH Tested) and your notebook using 8 cells.
-Power of Battery~=8.4*8=67.2WHr
Runtime of battery in your notebook:
-Runtime~=67.2/42=1.6 (around 1Hours 36 minutes)
But, notebook usually enter power minimizing mode when it standby. Considered you set power management to 50%. Your battery will last about 3Hours plus!
It all depend on how dynamic is the notebook adjust the power required base on user response. Dynamic processing! intel have Speedstep, AMD have PowerNow!
Just look at your power adapter! For example, your power adapter is: 19V 3.16A
-Power of Notebook~=70%*19*3.16= 42W
One cells using by ALTERNATIVE BATTERY is 8.4WHr(2300+mAH Tested) and your notebook using 8 cells.
-Power of Battery~=8.4*8=67.2WHr
Runtime of battery in your notebook:
-Runtime~=67.2/42=1.6 (around 1Hours 36 minutes)
But, notebook usually enter power minimizing mode when it standby. Considered you set power management to 50%. Your battery will last about 3Hours plus!
It all depend on how dynamic is the notebook adjust the power required base on user response. Dynamic processing! intel have Speedstep, AMD have PowerNow!
Friday, 20 June 2008
Notebook battery cells arrived
New battery cells arrive! Those Samsung (Made in Korea) cells is manufactured 2008 with code number 844, newest Samsung Li-ion chemical formula reversion E. Litium ion cells have a maximum 3 years cells life in notebook even though it is not been used.
Please note that all the information below is not from internet but the true capacity tested by our equipment.
Rated Capacity: 2400mAH/4800mAH
Real capacity: ~2346mAH/4692mAH
Real Energy Stored: ~8.4WHr per cell (multiply by number of cell) -example 8.4*6=50WHr in 6 cells battery pack, 67.2WHr in 8 cells battery.
Energy Density including battery container: ~175WHr/KG
Test Condition:
Discharge at constant current 2A (~1C) from 4.2V down to 3.0V
Charge at constant current 1A (~1/2C) up to 4.2V.
x-axis, ~165mAH or 5 minutes per unit.
y-axis, 50mV per unit.
Note 1: Good cells usually "n-turned" at around 3.4V. Poor cells may "n-turned" at around 3V to 3.3V. The lower is the "n-turn", the less power it going to deliver. Some people use WHr to represent the real power. Take average of voltage along the curve and multiply with mAH, you will get Whr.
Note 2: Good cells usually have rise back Voltage at around 3.3V after fully discharge to 3.0V. Poor cells will have rise back to more than 3.5V, resulting in less charging capacity after discharge, which will reach 4.2V very fast.
Note 3: Good cells will have same characteristic curve for all cells. This is very important because different characteristic curve when mix up, can shorter the overall life of a battery pack.
http://alternative-battery.blogspot.com/2008/06/notebook-battery-cells-arrived.html
This post is copyrighted by this site. If you want to use any information from this site, please copy also the reference, thanks.
Friday, 4 April 2008
100% refillable
All battery repaired by Alternative Battery Enterprise work 100% like new battery! Previously we serve many customer from this website, please see their feedback! We always deliver quality work!Some battery is 100% refillable if you send to me! Please request if your battery can be 100% refillable from me. If your battery are belong to this group once it grant by us, you can get a special gift worth ~RM50 if we fail to refill your battery!
While there are no lose on you, why you pass your battery to others who can not guaranty the success rate of your valuable original battery pack?
Plus battery pack refill by us don't require a few cycle charging and discharge before reach optimized result, all of the cells used is actively usable. This mean you get almost like new battery even though you just get it from us.
Term and condition: the battery must not be refilled before, and never open before and must be original battery. Faulty of notebook side will not be taken into account! We just want to ensure that we send you a working battery!Our technician have experiences of repair more than 2000 pieces of working smart battery of various brand from Malaysian, if we can not repair your faulty battery, who else can? We have develop a series of battery checking and testing tool, which can tell us very preciously what is the problem of your battery pack.
Please leave a comment below so that all people can see what model we have very high confident to 100% refillable. Or click me to leave a comment.
1. Hyundai M540BAT-6
2. All Twinhead battery up to date
3. Almost all IBM, Dell, Acer, HP, Asus, BendQ, gallop wire battery
4. None of Fujitsu Battery
5. A small fraction of Toshiba battery
6. Half of Laveno Battery akka IBM (too New)
7. More than Half of Apple battery
8. Almost none of GP battery
TwinHead is good, they make a battery simple and safe, I never see a TwinHead battery have liquid leaking inside the battery pack, their battery is expensive too, RM500 for an original battery pack if I am not mistaken.
Please specified your model!
Friday, 28 March 2008
Cheap imitated Made in China cells
I buy those cells from some local stall, rechargeable AA size Ni-MH fake Sony brand. I know it wasn't original since it is very cheap around RM4 each piece. Initially I use it only for my wireless mouse, but I found it just perform like a 3-4 years rechargeable battery that use in my mouse. Seem like this cell only suitable to be use in clock only, therefore I decided to open it out and see what happen. Picture below show a piece cracked by me and another piece is the look before it was cracked.
The picture below show the true cell part of the cell. However, it is only about 3cm height and not in high density too.
You know what I found at the bottom of the cell? A dummy weight make by cement, this is the trick of the seller to convince those buyer to buy their battery.
And it label a 4000mAH capacity! Honestly, a single cell don't reach 4000mAH. The highest in the market now only 2600mAH for AA size.
The is the clear look of how the thing arrange in a cell.
Whatever manufacturing technique go to China, there are always some business man try to make it cheaper. Demand and supply, there are many poor man in China, thing must be cheap so that they capable to purchase. But honestly, I doubt if poor people want cheap and low quality stuff? I certainly don't buy this for real usage, just to see what they have up to.
And also, one more event that I remember is my friend buy a labeled USB2.0 hub for RM5 in a computer shop, even it is USB1.0 also never mind as long as it work. However, when he ask for my help to see why the hub just don't work, I open the hub housing and notice that there are no chip inside at all! All there have inside is a USB wire that split it connection to four connector, can this kind of device work as a hub?
As more people want thing to be cheaper, the market create some demand, there are supply. What can we do? The cheapest survive?
Attn: Don't open a battery cells to inspect what is inside, if you want to do so, make sure that you do in a place with good air circulation. Don't attempt to breath in the vaporization from a cell, as it will poisoning your lung.
How I hope Malaysian can developed a better way to dispose off our used battery cells to reduce environment pollution.
The picture below show the true cell part of the cell. However, it is only about 3cm height and not in high density too.
You know what I found at the bottom of the cell? A dummy weight make by cement, this is the trick of the seller to convince those buyer to buy their battery.
And it label a 4000mAH capacity! Honestly, a single cell don't reach 4000mAH. The highest in the market now only 2600mAH for AA size.
The is the clear look of how the thing arrange in a cell.
Whatever manufacturing technique go to China, there are always some business man try to make it cheaper. Demand and supply, there are many poor man in China, thing must be cheap so that they capable to purchase. But honestly, I doubt if poor people want cheap and low quality stuff? I certainly don't buy this for real usage, just to see what they have up to.And also, one more event that I remember is my friend buy a labeled USB2.0 hub for RM5 in a computer shop, even it is USB1.0 also never mind as long as it work. However, when he ask for my help to see why the hub just don't work, I open the hub housing and notice that there are no chip inside at all! All there have inside is a USB wire that split it connection to four connector, can this kind of device work as a hub?
As more people want thing to be cheaper, the market create some demand, there are supply. What can we do? The cheapest survive?
Attn: Don't open a battery cells to inspect what is inside, if you want to do so, make sure that you do in a place with good air circulation. Don't attempt to breath in the vaporization from a cell, as it will poisoning your lung.
How I hope Malaysian can developed a better way to dispose off our used battery cells to reduce environment pollution.
Monday, 24 March 2008
比亚迪铁电池
【本报讯】（记者蓝岸通讯员徐安）高交会大幕未启，新科技突破喜讯频传。昨天，比亚迪在会展中心发布全球首个铁电池，并宣布铁电池成熟商用——以铁电池为动力之一的双模混合电动汽车F6预计于2008年推向市场。
据介绍，比亚迪铁电池在“高容量要求”、“高安全要求”及“低成本要求”三个核心指标上技压群芳，并远远胜于锂电池，其不仅有望为深圳带出一条电动汽车产业链，还有望成为未来笔记本电脑、手机、电动玩具中的能源替代品。
比亚迪铁电池首次实现成熟商用
据了解，与传统的镍氢电池和锂电池相比，比亚迪发明的铁电池有先天优点：全球铁资源充裕，铁比镍、锂金属更便宜，加上其环保性，不会造成如镍氢电池和锂电池丢弃所产生的污染。
早在几年前，比亚迪组织500人的研发团队，开始了铁电池的研发攻关。经过上万次试验和测试，比亚迪成功研发出电动汽车专用的铁电池，取名为“ET－ POWER”。比亚迪相关负责人介绍说，它代表了比亚迪在电池领域的最新科研成果，其中E表示环保和电力（environment和electric）， T则表示技术（technology），power则表示动力和能量的意思，比亚迪以“ET－POWER”来命名新汽车动力技术，取意未来科技、未来汽车 动力的含义。
据了解，“ET－POWER”铁电池每块电压为3.3伏，60安时，电池充电循环次数可达2000次以上，电池的持续里程寿命大 于60万公里。以F6双模电动汽车为例，车上共使用了100块铁电池，充满电续驶里程可达430公里（电动模式100公里＋混合动力模式330公里），最 高时速可达160公里／每小时。
与目前应用最为广泛的锂电池相比，比亚迪铁电池除了具备便宜和环保优点外，由于采用全新设计，电池容量、循环 寿命、使用温度范围、放电性能均优于锂电池。此外，由于采用高热稳定性材料和缜密工艺设计，比亚迪铁电池安全和可靠性大为增强。与锂电池不当使用中可能出 现的爆炸现象相反，铁电池安全可靠，即使扔在火中也不会发生爆炸。
首次用于比亚迪双模动力汽车F6
在新闻发布会上，比亚迪亮相全球首款以铁电池电机和汽油发动机为动力的双模混合动力汽车F6DM，其核心动力电池就是ET－POWER。
据介绍，F6DM采用电动车系统和混合动力系统，是一种将控制发电机和电动机两种混合力量相结合的先进技术，不仅大大降低了油耗及排放，更提高了动力和操纵性能，实现了既可充电、又可加油的多种能量补充方式，实现了真正意义上的双动力混合系统。
比亚迪总裁王传福表示，DM是“双模”（DualMode）缩写。如果将纯电动简称为EV，混合动力简称为HEV，则比亚迪DM电动汽车是EV＋HEV，简言之就是可充电的混合动力电动汽车。这种系统将会取代油电混系统，成为世界上最主流的新能源汽车系统。
据悉，比亚迪双模电动汽车已经申报了700多项国内外专利。该车经过了多种状态下的整车试验，在城市路况下基本可实现纯电动状态的行使，在比亚迪电动汽 车充电站快速充电10分钟可达50％的电量，在家使用普通插座慢速充电，充满电也只需9个小时。据介绍，目前整个双模电动汽车系统的成本为5万元，产量提 高后成本可大幅降低，预计该车将于2008年下半年量产上市。
发明铁电池再添扩张“核动力”
据了解，作为全球市场份额最大的电池 巨头，比亚迪从10年前建厂至今，每年以翻番速度迅速扩张，从资本金250万扩张到市值300亿元，从单一的电池生产到跻身为世界手机业举足轻重的多元化 手机零部件的集成供应商，从造车、卖车的“门外汉”到凭借生产单款车型F3突破10万辆的销售“奇迹”，比亚迪只花了极短的时间。
业界人士指出，比亚迪5年前切入汽车产业，使企业获得强有力的发展，而此次铁电池的成熟商用，意味着比亚迪旗下两大产业——电池IT产业与汽车产业实现无缝整合和对接，两大产业的战略会师无疑为比亚迪后续发展提供强大动力。
作为汽车领域的创新成果，王传福对比亚迪双模电动汽车的前景充满信心。他说，在双模电动汽车明年推向市场后，2009年纯电动汽车也将面市。除了拉动电 动汽车产业链条外，比亚迪计划将铁电池推向笔记本电脑、数码相机、数码随身听等数码产业链中。王传福表示，目前技术已经不是主要障碍，主要是传统锂电池的 电压为3.7伏，稍高于铁电池的3.3伏，一旦解决电压问题，这种新型电池无疑是锂电池的最好替代品，市场前景不可估量。
Source: 比亚迪铁电池
This article is about the new battery technology researched by China, the Ferum cell. Those cells can make a continue discharge of ~3.3V 60A, by packing it into battery, it able to power up the incoming car in future, in fact, they already start manufacturing electric-petrol hybrid car. In future, they intend to use the ferum cell on notebook application or mobile phone. Let see how far the future can go...
据介绍，比亚迪铁电池在“高容量要求”、“高安全要求”及“低成本要求”三个核心指标上技压群芳，并远远胜于锂电池，其不仅有望为深圳带出一条电动汽车产业链，还有望成为未来笔记本电脑、手机、电动玩具中的能源替代品。
比亚迪铁电池首次实现成熟商用
据了解，与传统的镍氢电池和锂电池相比，比亚迪发明的铁电池有先天优点：全球铁资源充裕，铁比镍、锂金属更便宜，加上其环保性，不会造成如镍氢电池和锂电池丢弃所产生的污染。
早在几年前，比亚迪组织500人的研发团队，开始了铁电池的研发攻关。经过上万次试验和测试，比亚迪成功研发出电动汽车专用的铁电池，取名为“ET－ POWER”。比亚迪相关负责人介绍说，它代表了比亚迪在电池领域的最新科研成果，其中E表示环保和电力（environment和electric）， T则表示技术（technology），power则表示动力和能量的意思，比亚迪以“ET－POWER”来命名新汽车动力技术，取意未来科技、未来汽车 动力的含义。
据了解，“ET－POWER”铁电池每块电压为3.3伏，60安时，电池充电循环次数可达2000次以上，电池的持续里程寿命大 于60万公里。以F6双模电动汽车为例，车上共使用了100块铁电池，充满电续驶里程可达430公里（电动模式100公里＋混合动力模式330公里），最 高时速可达160公里／每小时。
与目前应用最为广泛的锂电池相比，比亚迪铁电池除了具备便宜和环保优点外，由于采用全新设计，电池容量、循环 寿命、使用温度范围、放电性能均优于锂电池。此外，由于采用高热稳定性材料和缜密工艺设计，比亚迪铁电池安全和可靠性大为增强。与锂电池不当使用中可能出 现的爆炸现象相反，铁电池安全可靠，即使扔在火中也不会发生爆炸。
首次用于比亚迪双模动力汽车F6
在新闻发布会上，比亚迪亮相全球首款以铁电池电机和汽油发动机为动力的双模混合动力汽车F6DM，其核心动力电池就是ET－POWER。
据介绍，F6DM采用电动车系统和混合动力系统，是一种将控制发电机和电动机两种混合力量相结合的先进技术，不仅大大降低了油耗及排放，更提高了动力和操纵性能，实现了既可充电、又可加油的多种能量补充方式，实现了真正意义上的双动力混合系统。
比亚迪总裁王传福表示，DM是“双模”（DualMode）缩写。如果将纯电动简称为EV，混合动力简称为HEV，则比亚迪DM电动汽车是EV＋HEV，简言之就是可充电的混合动力电动汽车。这种系统将会取代油电混系统，成为世界上最主流的新能源汽车系统。
据悉，比亚迪双模电动汽车已经申报了700多项国内外专利。该车经过了多种状态下的整车试验，在城市路况下基本可实现纯电动状态的行使，在比亚迪电动汽 车充电站快速充电10分钟可达50％的电量，在家使用普通插座慢速充电，充满电也只需9个小时。据介绍，目前整个双模电动汽车系统的成本为5万元，产量提 高后成本可大幅降低，预计该车将于2008年下半年量产上市。
发明铁电池再添扩张“核动力”
据了解，作为全球市场份额最大的电池 巨头，比亚迪从10年前建厂至今，每年以翻番速度迅速扩张，从资本金250万扩张到市值300亿元，从单一的电池生产到跻身为世界手机业举足轻重的多元化 手机零部件的集成供应商，从造车、卖车的“门外汉”到凭借生产单款车型F3突破10万辆的销售“奇迹”，比亚迪只花了极短的时间。
业界人士指出，比亚迪5年前切入汽车产业，使企业获得强有力的发展，而此次铁电池的成熟商用，意味着比亚迪旗下两大产业——电池IT产业与汽车产业实现无缝整合和对接，两大产业的战略会师无疑为比亚迪后续发展提供强大动力。
作为汽车领域的创新成果，王传福对比亚迪双模电动汽车的前景充满信心。他说，在双模电动汽车明年推向市场后，2009年纯电动汽车也将面市。除了拉动电 动汽车产业链条外，比亚迪计划将铁电池推向笔记本电脑、数码相机、数码随身听等数码产业链中。王传福表示，目前技术已经不是主要障碍，主要是传统锂电池的 电压为3.7伏，稍高于铁电池的3.3伏，一旦解决电压问题，这种新型电池无疑是锂电池的最好替代品，市场前景不可估量。
Source: 比亚迪铁电池
This article is about the new battery technology researched by China, the Ferum cell. Those cells can make a continue discharge of ~3.3V 60A, by packing it into battery, it able to power up the incoming car in future, in fact, they already start manufacturing electric-petrol hybrid car. In future, they intend to use the ferum cell on notebook application or mobile phone. Let see how far the future can go...
Testing a smart battery
A smart battery is a battery that report the Voltage, current, temperature and calculate the estimated remaining time for usage base on current condition. Beside, it contain self monitoring on healthy condition of the battery. Picture below show the basic test software of ALTBATTERY. The result before change and after change the cells of a battery pack.
The impedance measurer can easily check if the battery cells is new or age. When the cells is new, the loading effect is low, which mean the chemical response fast inside the cell. This also help us to trace if the cells is connected properly. The single cells impedance can various if let say one of the cell is not connected or installed properly.
David's working table, old school day experiment type...
And some prototype and equipment,
The impedance measurer can easily check if the battery cells is new or age. When the cells is new, the loading effect is low, which mean the chemical response fast inside the cell. This also help us to trace if the cells is connected properly. The single cells impedance can various if let say one of the cell is not connected or installed properly.
David's working table, old school day experiment type...
And some prototype and equipment,
Procedure of change the cells in a battery pack
The battery is first opened, there are a right way for open each type of battery.
Remove the existing cells, since the controller board is glue to the housing, this must be done very carefully to avoid short circuit occur.
After the cells is removed, as you can see the metal plating connect to the cells is still attach to the board.
Remove the circuit board very carefully by cutting the silicone plastic glue on the board.
The board is removed!
Remove the remain silicone glue to allow easier insertion of battery and board.
The metal plating was removed from the board.
Spot welding a new group of cells and ready to have it insert into the controller board.
And before the cells inserted, the board must be reprogrammed or re flash to allow normal operation of battery pack.
The battery is then send to test it functionality.
See also:
Testing a smart battery
Remove the existing cells, since the controller board is glue to the housing, this must be done very carefully to avoid short circuit occur.
After the cells is removed, as you can see the metal plating connect to the cells is still attach to the board.
Remove the circuit board very carefully by cutting the silicone plastic glue on the board.
The board is removed!
Remove the remain silicone glue to allow easier insertion of battery and board.
The metal plating was removed from the board.
Spot welding a new group of cells and ready to have it insert into the controller board.
And before the cells inserted, the board must be reprogrammed or re flash to allow normal operation of battery pack.
The battery is then send to test it functionality.See also:
Testing a smart battery
How to know no of cells of a Li-ion battery pack?
We assure our refilled battery work at 100% close to an original battery! Below is the price for standard cells, 2200/4400/6600mAH. For others price please mail for enquiry.
For those who are interested, one Li-ion cell usually able to carry about 3.6-3.7V1300mAH to 2600mAH. when two cells are combined to work parallel, this will double the capacity, i.e. it will result in higher capacity, but with the same voltage. Double the cells allow double the power the combination of cells can output.
To achieve higher voltage, the cells are connected in series. If you are curious, why they don't simply parallel up the cells to make a let say 3.6V, 12000mAH battery, instead they make of 10.8V, 4000mAH? First 12000mAH battery pack is extremely dangerous! If it able to discharge in 2C, there will be 24A continue. If there are a direct short occur inside cells due to manufacturing defection, there can be higher Ampere such as 100A, resulting in quickly vaporization of chemical inside the shorted cells and can result in explosion of a single cell. Whatever they do, I never see they make more than 3 cells in parallel , since the safety valve is not designed in handle this, otherwise it will tend to have liquid leak.
The second reason is the chip inside the notebook is unlikely to operate with 3.6-3.7V. In fact, a single cells tend to operate from 3V to 4.2V. If a chip inside notebook operate at cmos logic level interface, it is more likely to draw a 3.3V from a power source. 3V may be too low and can result in system stability issue, where as 4.2V is too high and can result in increasing power dissipation while this is unnecessary. Beside, if the processor is using let say 1.2V, it is extremely difficult to regulate a 1.2V with high current from a low voltage like 3.0V. The filter capacitor to regulated the power will become larger, this is absolutely undesirable in a notebook.
- 3 cells 10.8V, 11.1V 1300mAH-2200mAH, RM140
- 4 cells 14.4V, 14.8V 1300mAH-2200mAH, RM140
- 6 cells 7.4V, 10.8V, 11.1V 2600-4800mAH (up to 6550 for 7.4V model), RM180
- 8 cells 14.4V, 14.8V 2600-4800mAH, RM220
- 9 cells 10.8V, 11.1V) 4800mAH-6550mAH, RM230
For those who are interested, one Li-ion cell usually able to carry about 3.6-3.7V1300mAH to 2600mAH. when two cells are combined to work parallel, this will double the capacity, i.e. it will result in higher capacity, but with the same voltage. Double the cells allow double the power the combination of cells can output.
To achieve higher voltage, the cells are connected in series. If you are curious, why they don't simply parallel up the cells to make a let say 3.6V, 12000mAH battery, instead they make of 10.8V, 4000mAH? First 12000mAH battery pack is extremely dangerous! If it able to discharge in 2C, there will be 24A continue. If there are a direct short occur inside cells due to manufacturing defection, there can be higher Ampere such as 100A, resulting in quickly vaporization of chemical inside the shorted cells and can result in explosion of a single cell. Whatever they do, I never see they make more than 3 cells in parallel , since the safety valve is not designed in handle this, otherwise it will tend to have liquid leak.
The second reason is the chip inside the notebook is unlikely to operate with 3.6-3.7V. In fact, a single cells tend to operate from 3V to 4.2V. If a chip inside notebook operate at cmos logic level interface, it is more likely to draw a 3.3V from a power source. 3V may be too low and can result in system stability issue, where as 4.2V is too high and can result in increasing power dissipation while this is unnecessary. Beside, if the processor is using let say 1.2V, it is extremely difficult to regulate a 1.2V with high current from a low voltage like 3.0V. The filter capacitor to regulated the power will become larger, this is absolutely undesirable in a notebook.
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